英语的关系代词有哪些及用法详解
定语从句修饰复合句中的名词或代词,通常把这个被修饰词叫做先行词,把引导定语从句且在从句中作主语、宾语或定语的引导词叫做关系代词。
关系代词的分类
关系代词有主格,宾格和属格(所有格)之分,并有指人与指物之分。that的用法最广,that 可指人也可指物。见表:
限定性指人 | 非限定性指物 | 限定性指物 | |
主格 | who/that | which | that |
宾格 | whom/that | which | that |
属格 | whose | of which/whose | of which/whose |
一、指人的关系代词。
主格——who,用在动词前,作主语。
属格——whose,用在名词前作定语。
宾格——whom,用在主语、谓语动词的前面,作动词或介系词的宾语。
二、指物的关系代词。
主格——which,用在动词前,作主语。
属格——whose,用在名词前作定语。
宾格——which,用在主语、谓语动词的前面,作动词或介系词的宾语。
三、指人或物的关系代词。
主格——that,用在动词前,作主语。
属格——whose,用在名词前作定语。
宾格——that,用在主语、谓语动词的前面,作动词或介系词的宾语。
四、其它关系代词。
but,as,than作关系代词引导定语从句
but既可指人,也可指物,常在定语从句中充当主语。but本身含"否定"的意思,其作用相当于"that /which /who...not"。它前面的主句通常有"否定"的词(如:no,not, little,few,hardly等)。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用,达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如: There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who does not love her own children.)没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
as既可指人,也可指物,常在限制性定语从句中充当主、宾、表语。as引导的定语从句的先行词前面常有as /such /the same等修饰词。例如: ①He is as brave a man as ever lived.他是世界上最勇敢的人。 ②Don’t read such books as are not worth reading.不要读那些不值得读的书。 as作关系代词,还可用来引导非限制性定语从句,as引导的定语从句可放在句首、句中或句末。例如: ① Taiwan,as we all know,is an inseparable part of China. ②As we all know,Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. ③Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as we all know.
than前通常有表比较的词。例如:Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party.来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。
在使用上述三个特殊的关系代词时,还要注意区分下列两个词组: 1."such...that..."表"如此……以致……"的意思,用来引导一个结果状语从句;而"such...as..."表"像……这(那)样"的意思,用来引导定语从句,as在定语从句中充当主、宾、表语等。试比较下列两个句子: ① He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此诚实的人以致我们都尊敬他。 ② He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我们所尊敬的那种诚实的人。 2."the same...that..."表同一人或物,而"the same...as..."表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子: ①This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢失的那一本书。(指同一本书) ②This is the same book as I lost.我丢失的那一本书一模一样。(并不是原来的那一本)
关系代词的用法
关系代词(that, who, whom, whose, which)所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
例1. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who / that在从句中作主语,指人)
例2. He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom / that在从句中作宾语,指人)
例3. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.(whose在句中作定语,指人)
例4. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.(whose在句中作定语,指物。若指物,它还可以同of which互换)
例5. The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作carry的宾语,指物)